Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific Essay Example for Free

Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific Essay In terms of international relationships, â€Å"the end of the second millennium and the start of the third are characterized by two developments of major importance†¦ the successful conclusion of the most ambitious round of multilateral trade negotiations in the history of humankind [and the] proliferation of regional trading arrangements unprecedented at any period in history. † Through it all, Australia has been a major participant in these agreements. Owing to the steady progress of Australia’s economy and politics, it has been involved in all of the international policy-making in that span in history. However, due to these numerous activities, there are different circumstances that require variations of these treaties. Multilateral trade treaties are trade agreements made between multiple nations, over multiple regions, at one time. Although multilateral treaties are generally complex and difficult to negotiate and implement, these treaties are very powerful when all interested parties agree on it. The primary advantage of multilateral treaties is the equal treatment, at least relatively, of all parties, regardless of size or power. Examples of these are Australia’s â€Å"Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea†, â€Å"United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships† and â€Å"Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation†. Regional trade treaties are parallel to multilateral trade treaties. Both are generally complex and involve multiple countries. However, they do institute a condition that has both advantages and disadvantages. Regional trade treaties are confined to countries within a certain geographic area, such as the Americas, the Atlantic or, in Australia’s case, the Asia-Pacific region. This comes from the perspective of â€Å"conceiving of the world in terms of structures is what some analytical perspectives in international relations and the social sciences more generally suggest. † according to Breslin. The obvious disadvantage of regional trade treaties is that it would exclude other countries from the agreement. There are, however, advantages that outweigh this negative aspect. Regional agreements would be easier to negotiate since countries within a certain geographic area generally have similar or related economic products, conditions and concerns. Such agreements would also mean that the general concerns of that certain area are given due consideration when viewed by the rest of the international community. Examples are the â€Å"Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific Region† and â€Å"South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement†. Bilateral trade treaties are the simplest and most basic agreements. These are the agreements negotiated exclusively between to countries. Simple they may be, however, â€Å"the pursuit of discriminatory trading agreements is arguably the most dramatic development in intergovernmental relations in the western Pacific since the financial crises of 1997-98†, in Jayasuriya’s view. An example of this is Australia’s â€Å"Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Austria concerning Extradition† Australia resides in the South Pacific area but has a mixed economy in the pattern of many Western countries. Its main exports are coal, gold, coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore and wheat. It has strong relations with countries in Asian, notably Japan and Korea, and Western countries such as Germany and the United States. Bilateral agreements would ensure mutually advantageous situations for Australia and its partner countries. This would go a long way in cementing international political relations as well as economic strength. However, bilateral agreements are limited in their potential to affect great international change. Regional trade agreements would prove to be more advantageous to Australia and the Asia-Pacific region. Their interests would be represented and protected in the international arena. However, the full potential to affect significant change is not realized when only a few countries are involved. Ideally, Australia should prioritize multilateral trade agreements because these are the ones that have to greatest potential to affect positive change in the international community. These are also the agreements the ones that require the most planning and negotiation and should be kept at the forefront for the process to be as quick as possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sampson and Woolcock, Regionalism, multilateralism and economic integration: The recent experience United Nations University Press, 2003 Amadeo, Kimberly, US Economy (2005) [http://useconomy. about. com/od/glossary/g/ multilateral. htm] accessed 06/04/08 Treaty Database DFAT online database, accessed: 06/07/08 [http://www. info. dfat. gov. au/info/treaties/treaties. nsf/WebView? OpenFormSeq=2] Breslin, Shaun et al. , New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy: Theories and Case London: Routledge, 2002 Jayasuriya, Kanishka, Asian Regional Governance: Crisis and Change New York: Routledge, 2004

Comparison of Once More to the Lake and The Grave :: essays papers

Comparison of Once More to the Lake and The Grave Authors often use details that evoke a response in readers to produce an effective description. Their aim is not simply to tell readers what something looks like but to show them. Katherine Anne Porter’s â€Å"The Grave† and E.B. White’s â€Å"Once More to the Lake† are essays that use subjective language to illustrate the principles of effective description. Porter’s â€Å"The Grave† describes a childish afternoon of rabbit hunting that brings death close enough to be seen and understood, while White’s â€Å"Once More tot he Lake† is a classic essay of persona; reminiscence in which he recreates the lakeside camp he visited with his son. One of the first things readers notice when they read Katherine Anne Porter’s â€Å"The Grave† was her use of vivid details. Miranda’s clothes are described in specific details: She was wearing her summer roughing outfit: â€Å"dark blue overalls, a light blue shirt, a hired man’s hat, and thick brown sandals.† Through her use of detail, Porter creates her dominant impression about Miranda’s feelings on female decorum as shameful. Porter describes Mirandas meeting with â€Å"old women. . . who smoked corn-cob pipes† she met along the road: â€Å"They slanted their gummy old eyes side-ways at the granddaughter and said, â€Å"Ain’t you ashamed of yoself, Missy? It’s aginst the Scriptures to dress like that. Whut yo Pappy thinkin’ about?† By describing Miranda’s reaction to the old women’s’ questioning, Porter conveys the sense of embarrassment Miranda felt. She describes Miranda’s reaction by using a simile: â€Å"with her powerful social sense, which was like a fine set of antennae radiating from every pore of her skin . . . â€Å" Miranda is ashamed because she knew it was rude and ill-bred to shock anyone although she had faith in her father’s judgment and was perfectly comfortable in the clothes. Another example of Porter’s use of specific details is how she describes the dead rabbit. As Miranda’s brother Paul stripped the skin away from the dead animal the â€Å"flayed flesh emerged dark scarlet, sleek, firm.† He slit thin flesh from the center of the ribs to the flanks, and a scarlet bag† appeared. He slit the bag open to find a bundle of baby rabbits, each wrapped in a â€Å"scarlet thin veil.† Paul pulled them off to reveal their true appearance: â€Å"dark grey, their wet down lying in

About Factory Workers: History Essay

Working in factories became a new kind of job experience in Canada between the 1840’s-1930’s whether it was a clothing, textile, or industry worker. It was an industry of disaster that seemed to hang for most of those years. There were many strikes at this time by the factory workers about the working conditions, new machinery that could cause workers to lose their jobs, and many more. Those years were very hard for factory workers. Factory workers included men, women, and children. The hours were long and the pay was very low, working 9-12 hours a day, six days a week. People worked together in large numbers in the new factories along with a lot of noise, smoke and dirt. Accidents in the work place were very common in the factories and if the workers could not perform or do their job well, there were many other people who could replace them. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay The managers did not care for their safety The managers decided to be more discipline and controlling with their workers by having strict supervision, clearly stating and following regulations, firmness on fixed hours of work, a system of fines and dismissals, the elimination of unions (groups) and slacking. New immigrants were chosen over the old immigrants because they thought it would be easier to control them. Women and children that worked in the factories were considered easy to control as well. The workers were treated similar to prisoners. The main industries/factories were in Hamilton, Sault Ste. Marie and Sydney which is where many factory workers settled to live because they were close to work (the factories) and their families lived in those cities as well. Between 1880’s-1920’s, unions were organized, strikes were started as workers tried to illustrate their workplace/factory. There was not too much conflict but instead there were acts of resistance, non-cooperation and even sabotage as workers tried to gain some control over their workplace. Factory workers lived with their families in crowded, broken down shack/hut, and were often paid in store scrip. Their pay was so low that workers at times were forced to search the countryside for food. In mid- January, wages were cute back even further, which is when workers went on strike but soon collapsed because of arguments within the group/union and lack of organization. By March, the conditions had gotten worse and they went on strike again but eventually were persuaded to give up. They obeyed and returned to work with very little improvement in their conditions. George Tuckett, a Hamilton cigar manufacturer, reduced working hours, gave regular bonuses and Christmas turkeys along with a free city lot and a cash payment towards a house to workers with twenty one years of service. He argued that he did not do this out of kindness or generosity, but it should be done because it is good management. Factory workers were not treated equally. The managers and owners of these factories were very cruel to their workers and cared little for their safety. It was neither fair nor right to treat anyone the way these factory workers were treated and many strikes were formed. The industry destroyed the 1840’s-1930’s as well as their workers. Bibliography: Heron, Craig. Working In Steel. Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1988. MacDonald, Michael. Horizon Canada Volume 2. Centre for the Study of Teaching Canada Inc., 1987. MacDonald, Michael. Horizon Canada Volume 6. Centre for the Study of Teaching Canada Inc., 1987.

The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1757 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits. Curtin University of Technology Abstract Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) hypothesized that â€Å"what is beautiful is good† and that attractive people were assumed to lead happier lives and have better prospects for the future. A survey was carried out among university students and their friends to determine whether attractiveness of facial features of an individual influences one’s perceived associated personality traits. The 425 participants completed the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project survey and data was collected and analysed. It was discovered that a strong positive correlation existed between levels of attractiveness and sociability, friendliness and trustworthiness. This research study has attempted to apply Dion et al’s study of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† to the modern era and to determine if a halo effect for personality stereotyping is still applicable. This research was conducted to ascertain whether the study by Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) was still valid in modern day society and whether the stigma of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† still holds true. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits" essay for you Create order Dion et al predicted that attractive people â€Å"were assumed to have better prospects for happy social and professional lives†. Dion et al tested their hypotheses by asking men and women to examine three photographs and rate them along a number of dimensions. Half received photographs of women who varied in physical attractiveness and the remainder received pictures of men (Berkowitz, 1974) It was discovered that there was no discrimination between males and females to the participants, who still rated attractive people of both sexes to most likely possess all the personality traits that were socially desirable. It is apparent in their study that the thesis of beauty and its correlation to positive attributes is supported by a social stereotype. â€Å"Not only are physically attractive persons assumed to possess more socially desirable personalities than those of lesser attractiveness, but it is presumed that their lives will be happier and more successful† (Dion et al, 1972). In a comparable scenario, our stereotypical tendencies ollow through into other aspects in the sense that we tend to see good people do good things, bad people do bad things, good companies make good products and so forth, leading to distortions from the truth (Webb, 1999;Emslie, 1979). For example a positive rating in one area, in this case attractiveness leads to an over generalisation resulting in a more positive rating to other attributes such as desirable personality traits. This positive transfer is called the halo effect. The well established information of which the halo effect is based is weighted more heavily than new information that is provided to us and thus the halo effect operates best when the established information or attitude is strong and new information is to an extent ambiguous. â€Å"When the established attitude is not particularly strong or the new information is more strongly positive or negative, the halo effect is not as strong. † (Webb pp 98, 1999) This halo effect correlates to Dion et al’s study on attractiveness, as the physical attributes of a person is generally the first point of origin for a meeting between two individuals. Upon meeting, the halo effect allows the individual to rate the attractiveness of the other individual creating a cognitive bias as one positive trait extends to influence other qualities of that person. Although previous studies conducted focused on the investigation of attractiveness in relation to personality traits where beauty equated to positive qualities, this research paper will be examining individual traits specifically. The aim of this current study is to explore whether (1. )attractive people are rated more sociable than unattractive people (2. )whether attractive people are rated friendlier than unattractive people; and (3. as attractiveness scores get higher the honesty scores should also get higher. Method Participants The sample comprised of 425 participants which consisted of 165 easily accessible male participants (M= 23. 09 years, SD= 7. 41 years) and 260 easily accessible female participants (M= 24. 31 years, SD= 9. 92 years). Participants were chosen out of conve nience students enrolled in the Foundations of Psychological Science 120 unit at Curtin University of Technology. All participants were self-proclaimed regular users of Facebook and are aged between 18 to 48 years old. Participation in this survey was oluntary and no incentives were offered. Materials Consent forms and information sheets were given out to participants. The survey called the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project was uploaded on an online database where participants could complete it through accessing the website at home. The results from the survey were then viewed on the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, also known as SPSS. Procedure Participants were asked read to the information sheets and to sign consent forms prior to the completion of the online survey. They were asked to complete the online survey called the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project. This survey provided images of four people that are regular Facebook users. The participants were then asked to rate each person on a scale of one to six on a number of characteristics that they might attribute based on their appearance. Results were then gathered and viewed on the SPSS whereby our hypotheses were then generated. Results A paired sample t test with an ? of . 05 was used to compare the sociability of attractive (M = 4. 388, SD = . 8226) and unattractive (M = 2. 602, SD = . 8603) people as rated by the participants of the sample group (n= 425) (Table 1. 0 Table 1. 1). On average attractive participants scored 1. 7859 points (95%CI = 1. 9031 – 1. 6687) higher than unattractive participants (Table 1. 2). The difference was statistically significant, t(425) = 29. 995, p. 001 and large d = 1. 766. It was concluded that the normality and normality of difference scores were not violated after outputting and visually inspecting data. A paired sample t test with an ? of . 05 was also used to compare the friendliness of attractive (M=4. 100, SD= . 8598) and unattractive people (M=2. 885, SD=. 8767) as rated by participants of a sample groups (n=425) (Table 2. 0 Table 2. 1). On average attractive participants scores higher friendliness scores than unattractive people. The difference was statistically significant, t(425) = 21. 156, p. 001 and large d=1. 399 (Table 2. 2). It was concluded that the normality and normality of difference scores were not violated after outputting and visually inspecting data. To assess the size and direction of the linear relationship between attractiveness rating and honesty scores, a bivariate Pearson’s product-movement correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. The bivariate correlation between these two variables in the attractive group was positive and strong, r(425) = . 75, p. 001, as was the case with the unattractive group, r(425) = . 051, p. 001. Discussion The results portrayed from this study has a positive correlation to the literature. Like previous studies the results indicate that attractive people commonly scored higher with perceived possession of desirable physical traits, whereas the unattractive peo ple generally tended to score lower on the socially desirable traits. The first hypothesis, is verified by the results concluding that there was a statistically significant difference between the sociability of attractive and unattractive groups. The positive correlation of sociability and attractiveness, authenticate Dion et al’s ‘what is beautiful is good’ theory. The results also endorse the second hypothesis, that attractive people are rated friendlier than unattractive people, with a strong correlation being found and a significant difference in friendliness scores by participants. In the results collected for third hypothesis, there is once again positive correlation between honesty and attractiveness indicating that as attractiveness scores increases, perceived honesty scores also increase. The variability in the scores illustrates how an individual’s visual perception can affects their observation of another individual’s personality traits. The findings from this research confirms the original hypothesis of Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† and validates the theory in the 21st century. With the high accessibility of information we were able to create a study that allowed for the variety of other factors to be measured and rated by the participant, such as number of ‘facebook’ friends. From this study it is apparent that even in today’s modern society, individuals are still affected by the halo effect with no restrictions from the mediums used for social interaction. People are still using this cognitive bias in making decisions or assumptions on other individual’s personality traits. Some further areas of study can be the halo effect and attractiveness preconceptions within different age groups. As the demographics of this study was conducted from young adults who frequent ‘Facebook’, an online based community with the mean age being 23. 829 years of age. It has been discovered from this sample group that older adults were less superficial and tended not to stereotype their peers into different stigmas. Although Dion et al obtained participants from a different age demographic, further study can be performed to ascertain whether the same results will be yielded (Table 3. 0, Table 3. 1, Table 3. 2 Table 3. 3). References Berkowitz, L. (1974). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press 1974. Dion, K. , Berscheid, E. , Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285-290. Emslie, G. R, Medcof, J. Roth J. (1979). Approaches to Psychology. Routledge, 1979. Webb, Robert C. (1999). Psychology of the consumer and its development: an introduction The Plenum series in adult development and aging, Table 1. 0 Paired Samples Statistics| | Mean| N| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR| 4. 388| 425| . 8226| . 0399| | SOCIABLE_UNATT| 2. 602| 425| . 8603| . 0417| Table 1. 1 Paired Samples Correlations| | N| Correlation| Sig. | Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR SOCIABLE_UNATT| 425| -. 066| . 173| Table 1. 2 Paired Samples Test| Paired Differences| t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| | Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| | | | Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR SOCIABLE_UNATT| 1. 7859| 1. 2291| . 0596| 1. 6687| 1. 9031| 29. 955| 424| . 000| Table 2. 0 Paired Samples Statistics| | Mean| N| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR| 4. 100| 425| . 8598| . 0417| | FRIENDLY_UNATT| 2. 885| 425| . 8767| . 0425| Table 2. 1 Paired Samples Correlations| | N| Correlation| Sig. | Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR FRIENDLY_UNATT| 425| . 070| . 47| Table 2. 2 Paired Samples Test| | Paired Differences| t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| | Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| | | | Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR FRIENDLY_UNATT| 1. 2149| 1. 1839| . 0574| 1. 1021| 1. 3278| 21. 156| 424| . 000| Table 3. 0 Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| HONEST_ATTR| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| ATTRACTIVENESS_ATTR| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| Table 3. 1 Descriptives| | Statistic| Std. Error| HONEST_ATTR| Mean| 3. 729| . 0381| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 3. 655| | | | Upper Bound| 3. 804| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 3. 741| | | Median| 3. 500| | | Variance| . 615| | | Std. Deviation| . 7844| | | Minimum| 1. 5| | | Maximum| 6. 0| | | Range| 4. 5| | | Interquartile Range| 1. 5| | | Skewness| -. 172| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 063| . 236| ATTRACTIVENESS_ATTR| Mean| 5. 955| . 0794| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 5. 799| | | | Upper Bound| 6. 111| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 6. 005| | | Median| 6. 000| | | Variance| 2. 682| | | Std. Deviation| 1. 376| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 10. 0| | | Range| 9. 0| | | Interquartile Range| 2. 0| | | Skewness| -. 490| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 044| . 236| Table 3. 2 Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| HONEST_UNATT| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| ATTRACTIVENESS_UNATT| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| Table 3. 3 Descriptives| | Statistic| Std. Error| HONE ST_UNATT| Mean| 3. 242| . 0413| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 3. 161| | | | Upper Bound| 3. 323| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 3. 227| | Median| 3. 000| | | Variance| . 727| | | Std. Deviation| . 8524| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 6. 0| | | Range| 5. 0| | | Interquartile Range| 1. 5| | | Skewness| . 241| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 131| . 236| ATTRACTIVENESS_UNATT| Mean| 2. 569| . 0617| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 2. 447| | | | Upper Bound| 2. 690| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 2. 483| | | Median| 2. 500| | | Variance| 1. 619| | | Std. Deviation| 1. 2726| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 7. 5| | | Range| 6. 5| | | Interquartile Range| 2. 0| | | Skewness| . 878| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 422| . 236|